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THE NEW BUILDING OF THE SPOKANE REVIEW, 

Corner West Riverside Ave. and Monroe St. 




























CITY OF SPOKANE. 

« 

ITS TRIBUTARY COUNTRY AND ITS RESOURCES. 



JOHN R. REAVIS. 

ii 

Secretary of the 

SPOKANE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 


2 0 S 

PUBLISHED BY 

CLOUGH & GRAVES, 

Spokane, Washington. 

1891. 

Copyrighted: Clough & Graves. 

9*Vr 


VANDERCOOK <t CO., ENGRAVERS AND PRINTERS, CHICAGO. 






TESTIMONIALS 


CITIZENS NATIONAL LANK. 

E. B. HYDE, President. J. F. McEWEN, Cashier. 

B. C. VAN HOUTEN, Vice-Pres. E. J. BOWMAN. Asst. Cashier. 

April 13, 1891. 

1 take great pleasure in testifying to the business 
merits of the firm of Clough & Graves, and cheerfully 
recommend them to those who intend making invest¬ 
ments. They have been actively engaged in the real 
estate and other investment business for the past three 
years and bear an enviable reputation for strict integrity 
and conservative business methods. 

E. B. Hyde, President. 

FIRST NATIONAL BANK. 

JAMES N. GLOVER, President. H. L. CUTTER, Cashier. 

H. W. FAIRWEATHER, Vice-Pres. F. K. McBROOM, Asst. Cashier. 

April 14, 1891. 

I take great pleasure in recommending Messrs. 
Clough & Graves to all who may desire to transact bus¬ 
iness with a responsible and reliable firm. 

James N. Glover, President. 

TRADERS NATIONAL BANK. 

E. J. BRICKELL, President. M. M. COWLEY, Cashier. 

D. M. DRUMHELLER, Vice-Pres. C. E. McBROOM, Asst. Cashier. 

April 15, 1891. 

I regard the firm of Clough & Graves as responsible, 
reliable and worthy of confidence. They are owners of 
much valuable property in Spokane, both improved and 
unimproved. M. M. Cowley, Cashier. 


M LEADING BANKS. 


BANK OF SPOKANE FALLS. 

A. M. CANNON, President. b. H. BENNETT, Cashier. 

R. L. CLARKE, Asst. Cashier. 

April 14, 1891. 

The firm of Clough & Graves, composed of ex-Mayor 
C. F. Clough and Jay P. Graves, have been connected 
with nearly every prominent enterprise for the advance¬ 
ment of the city’s interest. They are men of strict integrity 
and are responsible and reliable. 

B. H. Bennett, Cashier. 

EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK. 

J. HOOVER, President. E. J. DYER, Cashier. 

A. J. ROSS, Vice-President. 

^ April 14, 1891. 

Messrs. Clough & Graves are owners of a laro-e 
amount of valuable real estate, both improved and unim¬ 
proved. and bear an enviable reputation for integrity, 
reliability and conservative business methods. 

J. Hoover, President. 

BANK OF COLUMBIA. 

H. N. BELT, President. W. M BYERS, Cashier 

L. S. ROBERTS, Vice-Pres. 

April 14, 1891. 

I cheerfully recommend Messrs. Clough & Graves as 
being responsible, reliable and conservative. Their repu¬ 
tation is good. 

H. N. Belt, President. 


/-/?c 


7 ^ 7 / 




IN TfjfO DU6T0 I^Y 



N these pages we present to the reader a work descriptive of the prosperous, progressive 
young City of Spokane and its tributary country. The aim of the Author has been to 
state plainly and concisely the facts in the case We have a City of splendid advantages 
and it is surrounded by a territory not only mighty in extent but boundlessly rich in both 
agricultural and mineral products. Here is a most inviting field for the farmer, the miner, the 
mechanic, the laborer and the capitalist. 

To those of less favored regions, we say, come and investigate for yourselves. 

CLOUGH & GRAVES, 


Real Estate and Investment Brokers, 


Spokane, Washington 





THE NORTHWESTERN EXPOSITION BUILDING AT SPOKANE. 





































THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 


IN’ the November number of Scribner’s Magazine for 
* 1S90 appeared the third and last of a series of very- 

able articles on “Nature and Man in America” by Prof. 
N. S. Shaler, in which he sums up the comparative advan¬ 
tages of the distinct geographical districts of the Pacific 
Coast for the development of the human species and of 
human industry. He says of the district extending from 
the Fraser River on the north to the Columbia River on 
the south, running back inland several hundred miles, 
which territory includes the new State of Washington: 
“We have here the most varied opportunities for indus¬ 
tries which are offered by any portion of the American 
continent. Coal is probably abundant; there are n umerous 
excellent water-powers, and the soil within the limits of 
the humid area is very fertile. The forests are of good 
quality and of great extent; the maritime resources 
appear to have a value unequaled by any portion of the 
American continent. The region has been blessed by the 
character of its settlers for they have been derived from 
the most vigorous portion of the race. Taking it all for 
all, the physiographer is more disposed to foretell great¬ 
ness for this section than for any other equally extensive 
area on the western side of the continent.” Speaking 
elsewhere in the same article of the Rocky Mountain 
Country in general, the writer says: “ Although we as 


yet know comparatively little of the under-earth resources 
of this district, it is evident that it contains a wide range 
of mineral products, perhaps a greater variety than is 
known to exist in any other country, all of which with 
the progress of exploration and the cheapening of mining 
cost will become the basis of industries. So far, the 
mining industry of this section has been in the main 
turned to the precious metals, and we have come to asso¬ 
ciate the idea of mining here with the winning of gold 
and silver. Coal, iron, the various alkaline salts, the 
varieties of bitumen, quick-silver, lead, zinc, and a host of 
other substances which have a place in our industries, exist 
in profitable quantities in this region.” 

This is an impartial, philosophic view of a country 
embraced by the State of Washington, set forth by a man 
of national standing as a writer on the subjects of this 
class, and who has made a careful study of the physical 
and productive character of every important part of the 
United States and of the continent of North America. 
What he says is true. Every word of praise is deserved. 
“ We have here,” he says, “ the most varied opportunities 
for industries offered by any portion of the American 
continent.” Why does he come to these conclusions ? 

Because we have from the mouth of the Fraser River 
to the mouth of the Columbia River, the finest commer- 


« 


5 



uial body of water in the world—Puget Sound. Because 
we have bordering on Puget Sound the finest and most 
extensive area of commercial timber in the world. 

Because we have in the country extending back from 
Puget Sound to the Rocky Mountains, including eastern 
Washington, a distance of about five hundred miles, vast 
deposits of lead, coal, iron, silver and gold. 

Because we have in that same area soil that pro¬ 
duces more wheat to the acre, more barley to the acre, 
more rye to the acre, more timothy and other feed 
grasses to the acre than any other soil on the continent. 

Because in that same area is grown successfully 
every staple fruit of the United States, except oranges 
and lemons, and every staple vegetable of the United 
States, and in quantities and of quality sufficient for home 
consumption and for export. 

Because in that same area is the finest and most pic¬ 
turesque system of clear water lakes and rivers on the 
continent. 

Because in that same area there is a climate better 
adapted, by reason of its clear bracing atmosphere, free¬ 
dom from malarial poisons and happy alternations of heat 
and cold, to the physical development of man and the 
encouragement of human industry than any other por¬ 
tion of the continent. 


These are facts subject to proof. They lie at the 
basis of Washington’s unparalleled growth. 

Eleven years ago Washington had a population of 
75,000; according to the United States census taken in 1890 
it has a population of 349,000. 

Eleven years ago its taxable valuation of property 
was $23,780,000; the taxable valuation for the year 1890, 
was $201,000,000. 

Eleven years ago Washington did not possess a sin¬ 
gle mile of railway ; to-day there are within her borders 
1,500 miles of completed railway, two transcontinental 
lines traverse its territory, a third is just crossing its 
northern line, and a fourth will build from its eastern to 
its western boundary in the years 1891 and 1892. 

Could this marvelous growth of population, of taxa¬ 
ble wealth and railroad mileage occur in any region that 
does not possess very extensive and uncommon resources ? 

The object of this preliminary statement is to give a 
general but correct impression of what the State of Wash¬ 
ington is. 

Spokane is in the State of Washington. It is the 
metropolis of the eastern portion of the State, as well as 
of northern Idaho and a large section of British Colum¬ 
bia. It is about Spokane and the country tributary to it 
that we are now concerned. 


THE CITY OF SPOKANE. 


I ET us present a few facts about the City of Spokane 
^(formerly named Spokane Falls). In 1880, just eleven 
years ago, it was a village of less than 200 inhabitants; 
according to the census taken last year it had a population 
of 25,000, it now has nearly 30,000. In 1880 the taxable 
valuation of the property in Spokane was $1,800; the 
assessed valuation for the year 1890 was $18,790,000, 
which was taken on a basis of 50 per cent, of the real 
valuation. In 1880 the United States mail came to 
Spokane once a week, being carried on the back of a 
horse, and the receipts at the Post O dice that year amounted 
to less than $60.00 ; now there are twenty-six daily mails 
distributed, and the receipts of the Post Office will reach 
$50,000 for the year. In 1880 the streets of the city con¬ 
sisted of two country roads; now we have many miles of 
well-graded streets, most of them well lighted by elec¬ 
tricity. In 1880 there was only one weekly newspaper 
published in Spokane, to-day there are two morning 
dailies and two afternoon dailies, two of them printed on 
perfecting presses, and all of them creditable representa¬ 
tives of modern journalism. In 1880 there was one school 
house in Spokane, small and constructed of rough boards; 
last year we spent $250,000 in the construction of four 
large and handsomely designed brick public school build¬ 
ings, and one modern High School building. In 1880 
there was one private bank of small capital, now there 


are seven National banks, two Savings banks, and two 
private banks, with a combined capital of $2,200,000. In 
1880 there was no railroad transportation into or out 
of Spokane; to-day there are seven railroads centering 
here, two of them transcontinental lines, with an additional 
road, the Great Northern, a third transcontinental road to 
come in during this year. In 1880 Spokane had no tele¬ 
graph nor telephone; to-day one can communicate by tele¬ 
graph and telephone with more than sixty towns and 
villages within a radius of 100 miles. In 1880 the only 
manufactory in Spokane was a small saw-mill; to-day we 
have over twenty manufacturing establishments, one mill 
alone turning out 20,000,000 feet of lumber annually. Ten 
years ago there was not sent to market one single bushel 
of wheat within a radius of 100 miles of Spokane. Last 
year we grew at least 14,000,000 bushels in that radius 
and sent 10,000,000 of it to market. Ten years ago there 
was not a single ounce of lead or silver mined within a 
radius of 200 miles of Spokane; this year the silver and 
lead product of this same area will reach $10,000,000. 
This is how Spokane has grown. We are not dealing in 
probabilities or fanciful conjectures, but in facts that tell 
their own story. There must be a substantial ground¬ 
work for a fabric that grows like this. 

The secret is geographical position. If you will cast 
your eye over a good map of the State of Washington 


7 




SOME OF SPOKANE’S BUSINESS BLOCKS. 






















and contiguous territory, you will discover that between 
•the great Rocky Mountain range, which runs north 
and south through the States of Montana and Idaho, and 
the Cascade range that runs north and south through 
western Washington, is a broad basin drained by the 
Columbia,River. It is about 500 miles from the tunnel of 
the Northern Pacific Railroad piercing the ridge of the 
Rockies just west of Helena, Montana, to the Northern 
Pacific tunnel piercing the ridge of the Cascades, about 
75 miles east of Puget Sound. The intervening ter¬ 
ritory is a distinct geographical region that would 
naturally seek a common supply center. Spokane is that 
center. Look at the map and see how the railroads 
radiate from this center in every direction throughout this 
great Columbia River basin. As has already been happily 
said, you may start a car at the extremity of almost any 
of these railway lines within this territory, and it will 
run by gravity into Spokane. There is not one severe 
grade on any railroad running into Spokane within the 
territory which she claims as tributary. This territory is 
a very wide one. It is nearly 200 miles to its circumference 
in any one direction. Spokane has no rival in broad ter¬ 
ritory. It is a territory of nearly 60,000 square miles in 
extent, and while much of it is mountainous, yet it 
is capable of supporting a mining, agricultural, pas¬ 
toral and manufacturing population of at least 3,000,- 
000. At least 250,000 of these people will eventually 
live in Spokane. This is not an extravagant estimate. 


The like has occurred in much less highly favored por¬ 
tions of the United States, and if time lasts and the 
race continues, it will happen here. An investment 
made in Spokane to-day, whether in houses, land, man¬ 
ufacturing, or mercantile business, is made for a future 
great city. 


CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 

I CAN NOT do better here than to quote something I 
* have already written on this subject. 

“ The people of Spokane are energetic and progressive. 
There is a large proportion of young men among those 
most active in business circles. Many of these have been 
educated in Eastern colleges and universities. Educated 
young men from the East generally come West to make 
their fortunes. Many of them succeed. The chances for 
making money are far greater than in the older settled, 
more conservative East. Development comes sooner; 
results are sooner achieved, and the movement of every¬ 
thing is quicker, sharper and better defined. Young men 
have, therefore, more to encourage them than in the East. 
They sooner see the fruits of their labors, and sooner feel 
the confidence and independence that come from pros¬ 
perity. The consequence is an increase in activity. The 
movement of the entire business community is accelerated 
and heightened until the older East looks with surprise 


9 







si 











































upon the achievements of her own sons. Wherever there 
is industry and thrift, there is hopefulness and happiness. 

“ The buoyancy of the people of Spokane is marvelous, 
and while they have had some severe misfortunes, they 
have never, in the darkest hours, lost confidence in their 
beloved city. To nearly all of them it is an adopted city, 
but their affection for it is none the less for that. Indeed, 
the almost passionate love they have for it is one of their 
noticeable and distinguishing characteristics. Strangers 
coming here will find a Avar in-hearted, educated, wide¬ 
awake, enthusiastic people, who are liberal in their views, 
liberal with their money, and ready to welcome ever}^ new 
comer.” 


SCHOOLS. 

N O city in America is better equipped with schools, in 
proportion to population, than Spokane. We spent 
during the year past $80,000 for four handsome brick 
public school buildings, and we are now erecting a High 
School building at a cost of $100,000. These are in addi¬ 
tion to fi\ T e or six public school buildings of less pretentious 
character. We have over 3,000 enrolled in our public 
schools, and the increase is very rapid. There are also 
several private schools. The Methodists have endowed a 
collegiate institution that does great credit to the city and 
State, it having in property and money about $500,000. 
The Presbyterians have just begun the erection of the 


first building of Spokane University. The Congrega- 
tionalists have purchased recently 1,000 acres of land east 
of the city for university purposes. The Benedictine 
Fathers will erect a collegiate building this year, to cost 
$100,000. The Jesuit Fathers have Gonzaga College, a 
most wealthy and flourishing institution, and will erect a 
$300,000 college this year. 


CHURCHES. 

A LL the leading churches are well represented. The 
** Presbyterians, the Congregationalists,the Baptists, the 
Episcopalians, the Methodists and the Catholics all hav T e 
one or more houses of worship each, and some of them 
are very rich in property and money. The Young Men’s 
Christian Association ha\ T e a flourishing organization, and 
have taken steps for the erection of a fine building. The 
religious element of the city always makes itself felt in 
case of an emergency. There is what is called the Law 
and Order League made up principally of the most active 
members of the various churches, which has accomplished 
great good by the suppression of open gambling and 
other kinds of vice. Its members are courageous men who 
are not afraid to do their duty, and to them largely 
belongs the credit of almost wholly eradicating from the 
city that desperate and reckless class that always attempts 
to fasten itself on a new community, especially in the 
West. 


ll 







HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING. 

WARD SCHOOL BUILDING. 



















THE BUILDING PROGRESS OF 1890 AND THE OUTLOOK FOR 1891. 


IN August, 1889, Spokane Falls was burned to the 
* ground. The destruction of the business part of the 
city was complete. More than 60 acres lay in a smolder¬ 
ing heap of ruins. We will not here attempt to recount 
the theory of how the city went to work to recover from 
that awful disaster. The story is now well known to all 
the world. To day, eighteen months after the fire, a new 
city stands in the place of the old one. It is a city nearly 
twice as large and of modern and substantial architecture. 
Its business blocks rise in successive and splendid array. 
The accompanying illustrations are in themselves suf¬ 
ficient evidence of the beauty and imposing character of 
the architecture, yet they do not show the magnitude of 
the city. To do this one must come and see for himself. 
And even then he could not understand the almost incred¬ 
ible change and development that has taken place since 
that great fire. About the most that could be done 
before the close of 1889 was to prepare for the improve¬ 
ments that were to follow in 1890. 

The following is a list of the more notable buildings, 
residences excepted, which have been erected. The 
figures appended are from the architects themselves, and 
they may be regarded as quite conservative enough: 

Hotel Spokane. $ 240,000 

Auditorium . 300,000 

Union Pacific Passenger Depot. 30,000 

Northern Pacific Passenger Depot. 50,000 


Exposition Building. $ 100,000 

Smelting Works.. 100,000 

High School. 100,000 

Four Public School Buildings. 80,000 

Edison Illuminating Co’s Building. 75,000 

Review Building. 125,000 

Spokane University Building.. 20,000 

Second Congregational Church. 18,000 

Tidball Building. 50,000 

Bump Building. 40,000 

Forrest & Gandy Building. 25,000 

Hazel Block. 45,000 

Blalock Building. 125,000 

Y. M. C. A. Building. 18.000 

Squire’s Building. 65,000 

Pacific Hotel. 65,000 

Squire & Germond Building. 30,000 

Germond Building. 60,000 

Strobach & Munter Building. 35,000 

Daniels, Traut & Chamberlain. 22,000 

Traders Bank Block. 80,000 

Holley, Mason, Marks & Co’s Building. 75,000 

First National Bank Block. 115,000 

Spokane National Bank Building. 90,000 

Lindelle Building. 175,000 

Jamieson Building. 110,000 

Bennett Block. 40,000 

Eugene Hyde’s Building. 125,000 

Wilson & Essig Building. 75,000 

Green Block. 22,000 

Great Eastern Building. 125,000 

Lauman Building. 48,000 

Van Walkenburg Building. 75,000 

Holland Building. 65,000 

Zeigler Building. 85,000 

Rollin Hyde Building. 125,000 

Granite Block. 125,000 

Rookery Building. 125,000 

Theodore Cushing Building. 50,000 

Sherwood Building. 110,000 


13 





















































E. L. Powell Building. $ 30,000 

The Mohawk Block. 80,000 

The Chemical Block... . 55,000 

The Furniture Block. 65,000 

The Riverside Block. 70,000 

Real Estate Block.. 30,000 

McLaughlin Building.. 60,000 

Lang Building. 30,000 

Temple Court Block. 80,000 

Dodd Building. 40,000 

Frankfurt Block. 30,000 

Daniels Building. 40,000 

Bavaria Building. 35,000 

Bracht Building. 30,000 

Loewenberg Building . 35,000 

Nestos Building.;. 25,000 

Windsor Building. 40,000 

Howard Block. 30,000 

Delaware Building . 25,000 

Ross Block. 30,000 

Curtis Building. 30,000 

Miller Building. 50,000 

Whitten Block. 80,000 

Eagle Block. 100,000 

Tull Block. 100,000 

Miscellaneous brick buildings. 200,000 

Residences. 250,000 

Total. $5,100,000 


The amount credited to “Miscellaneous brick build¬ 
ings ” is probably too low. Scores of others have been 
erected which are not of sufficient magnitude to deserve 
separate mention, many of them costing from $5,000 to 
$15,000. One can easily understand that 1890 was a very 
busy year in Spokane. But we have been doing much 
more than building houses. We have graded many miles 
of new streets. We have built one new cable road and 
one new electric road; the Washington Water-Power 
Company have spent $100,000 on new flumes and dams 


and other improvements for their water-power; the 
Spokane & Northern Railroad Company have spent over 
$50,000 in improvements for their terminal grounds ; the 
Union Pacific Railroad has spent $150,000 for the same pur¬ 
pose and the Northern Pacific Railroad has spent $200,000 
in the same way. So much for 1890. What now for the 
present year! We shall not build so many brick blocks, 
but we shall build more than double as many residences. 
We shall see erected extensive works for the manufacture 
of sewer pipe, terra cotta and fire brick; we shall see the 
Catholics build the new Gonzaga college which is to cost 
$300,000; we shall see the Benedictine Fathers erect the 
first building of their new university, which is to cost 
$100,000 ; we shall see the city’s new sewerage system put 
in, which will cost $500,000; we shall see at least $300,000 
spent on grain elevators; $250,000 laid out in flouring 
mills ; $300,000 put into new electric roads, and $150,000 
spent by the city for the new Monroe street bridge. 
These are enterprises and works for which the plans are 
now complete, and work upon many of them is now in 
progress. It is more than probable that the amount ex¬ 
pended for improvements in 1891 will be far greater than 
in the wonderful year of 1890. This is the march of real, 
substantial, permanent progress. Such great sums of 
money are not laid out in mere “ boom ” towns. We have 
passed the era of doubt and uncertainty. Our values are 
now fixed, and will be maintained and increased as the 
process of accumulated wealth and business goes on. 

































“ THE SPOKANE/* 

The Leading Hotel in the Pacific Northwest. H. C. Bowers, Manager. 


V; Us 


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DEBTS, REVENUES, TAXES AND MUNICIPAL EQUIPMENT. 


"THE city of Spokane has just passed from its old 
Territorial charter to a new one framed in harmony 
with the provisions of the State Constitution. The city 
has never yet been bonded and therefore has none but a 
floating debt. This is in the form of warrants drawn on 
the city treasury. Of these there are about $150,000 
outstanding. The city owns its own water system, and 
for the construction of this issued bonds, $120,000 of 
which are yet outstanding, but the revenue coming from 
the water department pays the interest on these bonds 
and leaves a handsome surplus. No young city in America 
is in better financial condition than Spokane. Its taxable 
valuation for 1890 was $18,750,000 ; in 1888 it was 8,800,- 
000; in 1887 it was $3,686,138. Its growth in taxable 
wealth has therefore been very rapid, almost unprece¬ 
dented. Under the Territorial law it could not incur a 
bonded debt; under the new Constitution it can incur a 
bonded debt for ordinary purposes of five per cent, on tax¬ 
able valuation, and of five per cent, additional for specific 
purposes, such as the building cf a sewerage system, the 
erection of water works. But this must be done by a 
vote of the people. The tax rate for 1890 was fixed at 
twenty-six and one-half mills for all purposes, city and 
county, state and school. The regular tax income for the 
city is estimated at $180,000, while that for the entire 
county is estimated at $250,000. This is outside of 


licenses, fees, etc. The county has no bonded debt, and 
its revenues are ample to meet all current expenses. It 
is expected that the first bonded debt of the city under 
the new charter will be created for the purpose of put¬ 
ting in a complete sewerage system, for which plans have 
been drawn by Captain Symonds, of the United States 
army, and late Engineer Commissioner of the District of 
Columbia. The city water works will also be enlarged 
at an early day. The Holly system of water works is the 
one now in use. In addition to the protection from fire 
thus afforded, the city has a fire department with every 
modern appliance, consisting in part of three Silsby 
steamers, two Hook and Ladder companies, three Chem¬ 
ical engines, an ample supply of hose carts, and a paid 
corps of men. 


CLIMATE. 

DROBABL1 the most delightful feature of life at 
Spokane is the climate. The air has a peculiar, 
bracing, invigorating quality that is absolutely intoxicating. 
It has none of the enervating quality which is so marked 
and disagreeable a feature of the climate of the Mississippi 
\ alley and of the States farther East. The winters are 
short; the summers are long and delightful. Cold 


16 





J. N. Glover 


IS. F. Burch. 


SPOKANE RESIDENCES. 


F. R. Moore. 


B. EoEWF.N BERG. 
















































weather usually sets in about Christmas and continues up 
to March first, lasting nine or ten weeks. Snow usually 
falls to a depth of one to two feet during the winter 
period. There is more or less rain throughout- the 
spring season and up to July 1st. About that date 
the dry season sets in, which generally continues to 
October 1st, when rains again appear; the rainy seasons 
are, therefore, in the spring and autumn, but the rains 
during these periods are never heavy enough to interfere 
seriously with outdoor pursuits. As a rule, they consist 
of showers, which last only an hour or so. The laboring 
men of the city did not lose three days from bad weather 
between the 15th of March and the 25th of December in 
1S90. The dry weather of the summer makes harvesting 
absolutely secure. The heat of the summer is not of the 
kind which is so much dreaded throughout the East. 
The ravs of the sun are sometimes hot, but it is always 
cool in the shade and at night. Perhaps there is no more 
delightful feature of the Spokane climate than these 
cool nights. One becomes thoroughly refreshed for the 
labor of the following day. Owing to our northern 
latitude, the twilight is very long, entire darkness not 
coming on till after 9 o’clock during the early summer 
months. While Spokane is not boasted of as a sanitarium 
for the cure of every ill, yet it is certainly one of the 
most healthy cities in the world. The following table of 
comparative death rate, founded on the mortality statis¬ 
tics of a number of cities, is strong proof on the subject: 


City. Population. Dea™ Rate per 1,000 

Spokane. 28,000.12.20 

St. Paul.195,000 13.63 

Indianapolis. J.00,000.15.05 

Providence, R. 1.118,000. 18.32 

Detroit, Mich.165,000.20.46 

Newark, N. J. .159,432.22.59 

In this connection it will be interesting to the reader 
to see the following official statement as to the character¬ 
istics of the climate of Washington and Oregon, recently 
published by Lieutenant John P. Finney, in charge of the 
United States Signal Service station at San Francisco: 
“The geographical position of these two States (Washing¬ 
ton and Oregon) is a most fortunate one. Located in the 
latitude of the easterly trend of the Japan current, they 
receive the full benefit of the warmth and moisture con¬ 
tinually rising from this great stream. The atmospheric 
eddies or areas of low barometicpressure forming over the 
Japan current enter the continent throughout the year in 
a manner to provide a most equitable distribution of rain. 
The relation of the two great States to the Japan current 
is one of vital importance to their commercial and agri¬ 
cultural interests, and should be clearly understood by the 
people. Reverse this current, so that its motion in the 
equatorial regions is westerly, and in the temperate zone 
easterU, and shift its latitude a few degrees to the south, 
and the north Pacific coast States would become barren 
and bleak as northern Canada and Labrador. How great 
a factor then in the development of a country is the supply 


18 














of heat and moisture. The following is a brief summary 
of the effects of these features of the Japan current: 
First—A general equability of temperature unequaled in 
any other portion of the United States. Second—A grad¬ 
ual change from the heavier rains of winter to the lighter 
rains of summer, giving rise to a moist beneficial distribu¬ 
tion of precipitation throughout the year. Third—In the 
winter the atmospheric disturbances from the Japan cur¬ 
rent move eastward at a lower latitude than in summer, 
and this shifting north and south of the storm centers 
makes the difference in rainfall between the two seasons. 
But as the change of the centers is not very great respect¬ 
ing Oregon and Washington, these States are always 
within the area of precipitation accompanying the low- 
pressure areas. Fourth'—A prolific growth of all forms 
of plant life. Fifth—Climatic conditions which favor to 
a marked extent the growth of most cerials and other 
important staple crops. Sixth—The alternaion of rain 
and fair weather in such a manner as to provide most 
suitable conditions for planting and harvesting. Seventh— 
The absence of excessively violent storms, owing to the 
southwest deflection of the Japan current at the parallel 
of forty-five degrees north ; the cold Alaskan current 
along the California coast, and the dry atmosphere of the 
middle plateau region. Eighth—Computed from the 
records of nearly twenty stations, covering a long series 
of years, the percentage of rainfall in Washington varies 


from 2.05 per cent, in August to 15.70 per cent, in Jan¬ 
uary. Ninth—Computed from the records of twenty 
stations, covering a long series of years, the percentage of 
rainfall in Oregon varies from 1.25 percent, in August to 
17.10 per cent, in December.” 


THE SPOKANE MINING EXCHANGE. 

T'HE Spokane Mining Exchange was organized on May 
4 20, 1890. It began business with a capital stock of 
$50,000 divided into 500 shares at $100 each. 

The association occupies a room 25x00 in the Hotel 
Spokane building, where ores and minerals from the 
tributary mining districts are carefully arranged and 
neatly labeled. A visitor in a few moments can obtain 
an excellent idea of the city’s permanent mineral wealth. 

The different ore samples are numbered and a cor¬ 
responding number is placed on each filing; thus a would- 
be purchaser can examine the ore and obtain a description 
of the property, without the interference of a third party. 

The Exchange is in a flourishing condition. Its 
benefit to Spokane and the county at large is considerable, 
and acknowledged by all. Any inquiries regarding mines 
or minerals in this portion of the Northwest, addressed 
to Mr. J. C. Fisher, the Secretary, will receive prompt 
attention. 




B. C. Van Houtkn, 


S. Oppenheimer, 


SPOKANE RESIDENCES 


J ay P. Graye>. 


li. L. Cutter. 



































WATER-POWER. 


I WILL introduce this chapter with a quotation from a 
1 report made in the early part of 1890 by Col. J. T. 
Fanning, formerly chief engineer of the St. Anthony Water- 
Power Company of Minneapolis,now consulting engineer of 
the Great Northern Railroad, and a gentleman of eminent 
standing in his profession, stating first that the water¬ 
power of Spokane Falls is derived from the Spokane 
River, which flows directly through the city out of Lake 
Couer D’Alene, thirty miles distant. 

“The city of Spokane is situated on the eastern mar¬ 
gin of the broad Washington prairie. This prairie has 
an annual rainfall of about twenty inches, but the water¬ 
shed of the river above the falls is chiefly a mountainous 
area sloping toward the west. These mountain slopes 
condense more moisture borne by the prevailing westerly 
winds from the Pacific ocean than does the plain. The 
depth of the annual rainfall upon the water-shed of the 
river may safely be estimated as averaging twenty-four 
inches for the whole year. This water-shed embraces 
part of Washington, part of Idaho, and a small area of 
Montana, and measures about 4,500 square miles. The 
beautiful Couer D’Alene Lake in Idaho receives the 
greater part of this drainage from the St. Mary’s, St. 
Joseph and Couer D’Alene Rivers, and it acts as a vast 
storage reservoir to equalize the flow of the river during 
the entire year, storing up the vast volumes of water 


brought down bv the melting snow in the spring to feed 
the flow of the river during the succeeding months when 
the rainfall on the lower part of the water-shed is very 
light. This lake has an area of about sixty-nine square 
miles, according to the survey of Lieut. Hayden of the 
United States army. 

“This natural storage is a very important factor in 
determining the value of the water-power of the Spokane 
River, and should the time come when the demand for 
power exhaust that which can be supplied by the present 
natural low water flow of the river, a dam placed across the 
mouth of the lake would greatly increase its storage capacity 
and so add to the low-water flow of the river, increasing 
its volume very materially. The water-power of Spokane 
has natural divisions made by the several islands occurring 
in the stream, thus making the development of the-water- 
power a comparatively easy proposition, and also dis¬ 
tributing the power sites over a large area of territory, 
giving ample space for the construction of mills and fac¬ 
tories which use the power.” 

The Spokane river is a clear, rapid stream, that flows 
over a rocky bed. It is fed by numerous springs all along 
its course, and never freezes over in winter, nor does it 
ever become muddy or clogged with drift-wood. Its 
variation in rise and fall is only about eight feet, and it 
has therefore never been known to overflow its banks. 


21 



No stream is better adapted to the production of a steady 
and reliable power the year around. When Col. Fanning 
measured it at its lowest How in 1889 it was carrying 
2,000 cubic feet of water per second. Its minimum 
power has been placed at 30,000 horse-power. The Falls 
extend about half a mile, and there is a total decline of 
about 130 feet. In this distance there are two principal 
fulls where most of the power is developed. Both these 
principal falls are over graduated inclines, thus offering 
an opportunity for fluming, and giving ample room for mills 
and factories. The water-power of the Spokane river is 
undoubtedly the key to the city’s first and greatest pros¬ 
perity. The people saw in this the secret that could in 
the future bring hither great manufacturing establish¬ 
ments which could be operated at a far less cost than by 
the use of steam or any other motive power. The St. 
Anthony water-power of the Mississippi River is the pivotal 
influence in the growth of Minneapolis, a city of 
nearly 200,000 inhabitants and the largest flour-pro¬ 
ducing city in the world. Yet Minneapolis has to¬ 
day a developed water-power of only 20,000 horse¬ 
power. The practical results of Spokane’s great water¬ 
power are already apparent. From it is supplied the 
power to operate all the flouring mills of the city, all 
the saw-mills of the city, two cable railways, three electric 
railways, forty electric motors, the pumping machinery 
of the city water works, and the entire electric lighting: 
plant of the city. The application of water-power to 
electric lighting has already been developed to a higher 
point of both efficiency and magnitude in Spokane than 


in any other city in the Union. A new station is just 
now completed for the Edison Illuminating Company, by 
the Washington Water-Power Company, from which will 
be supplied 12,000 incandescent lights and 1,200 arc lights. 
This will require 2,700 improved horse-power. The sta¬ 
tion has cost $75,000. Its full capacity will not be 
required at once, though it begins operations with 7,500 
incandescent and 500 arc lights. Spokane is now the 
best lighted city on the Pacific coast, if not in the world, 
and its light is supplied at a less cost than in either Bos¬ 
ton, New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, or any other large 
city. I have taken the pains to gather some facts show¬ 
ing the great saving accomplished in the use of water¬ 
power as applied in this city. The following is a letter 
from Henry A. Herrick, Esq., engineer of the Washing¬ 
ton Water-Power Company, and a gentleman of eminent 
standing in his profession. 

J. B. Reavis, Esq. 

Dear Sir: I have made an approximate estimate of the cost per 
year of 1,000, 5,000 and 20,000 horse-power, developed by water-power, 
assuming the conditions the same as those which govern here at Spo¬ 
kane, and submit the following figures. 

Very truly yours, 

Henry A. Herrick, Civil Engineer. 

Cost of developing 1,000 horse power on a fall of 70 feet. 


Ham, $25,000 

Masonry for gates and racks. - 8,000 

Gates and racks, - 2,000 

500 feet of 7 foot steel penstock in place, - - 6,500 

8-15" turbines set up complete, - - - 8,000 

Shafting, belting, etc.. ----- 2,000 

Power house (brick and stone), - - - 38,000 


$81,500 




Tssn - 



























Annual expense on 1,000 house-power. 

Water at $5 per horse power per year, - - - $5,000 

Interest on investment at 8 per cent., - - 6,460 

Depreciation of plant at 5 per cent., - - - 4,075 

Attendance, oil, etc., - - - - 8,000 


Total cost of 1,000 horse-power per year , - - $18,585 

Equals 818.53 per horse-power per year. 

Cost of developing 5,000 iiorse-poweh on a fall of 70 feet. 

Dam, ------- $25,000 

Masonry for head gates and racks, - * - 14,000 

Gates at d racks, ..... 6,000 

3-10 foot steel penstocks, 500 feet long, - - - 80,000 

Turbines rt ady to run, .... 25,000 

Shafting, belting, etc., ..... 7,500 

Power house (brick and stone), - • - 60,000 


$167,000 

Annual expense on 5,000 horse power. 

Water at $5 per horse power per year. - - $25,000 

Interest on plant at 8 percent , - • - 13,400 

Depreciation of plant at 5 per cent., - - - 8,375 

Attendance, oils, etc., - - . - - 6,000 


Total cost 5,000 horse power per year - - - $52,775 

Equal to 810.50 per horse-power per year. 

Cost of developing 20 000 horse power on a fall of 70 feet. 

Dam, $ 25,000 

Masonry for head gates,and racks, - - - 30,000 

Gates and racks, ------ 12,000 

12-10 foot steel penstocks, 5(0 feet long, - - 120,000 

Turbines ready to run, .... 100,000 

Shafting, belting, etc., - 25,000 

Power houses (brick and stone), - - - 250,000 

Incidentals, ..... 50,000 


Cost of plant ------ $612,000 

Annual expense on 20,000 horse power. 

Water at $5 per horse power per year. - - $100,000 

Interest on plant at 8 per cent., - - - 48,960 

Depreciation of plant at 5 percent, 30,600 

Attendance, oils, etc., .... 20,000 


Total cost 20,000 horse-power per year , - - - $199,560 

Equal to 810 per horse-power per year. 


After figuring in the entire possible cost, Mr. Iler 
rick concludes that where 1,000 horse-power is used, it 
will cost $18.50 per horse-power; where 5,000 is used it 
will cost $10.50 per horse-power, and where 20,000 is 
used it will cost $10 per horse-power. The average 
cost of steam-power in the United States may be placed 
at $50 per horsepower per year. Mr. Herrick places 
the highest cost of water-power as developed here at a 
little over $1S per horse-power per annum, so that there 
would be, in the use of a 1,000 horse-power, a saving of 
$32 on each horse-power per annum, or a total saving of 
$32,000. On the use of 5,000 water horse-power, the 
cost being $10.50 for each horse-power per annum, there 
would be a saving ot' $39.50 per horse-power, or a total 
saving of nearly $200,000. The total amount of power 
now being used from the falls of the Spokane River is 
about 3,000 horse-power. On this there is an annual 
saving over steam of at least $35 per horse-power, or an 
aggregate of $105,000 per annum. When we shall use 
10,000 horse-power we shall save an aggregate of 
$400,000, and when we shall use 20,000 horse-power we 
shall save an aggregate of $800,000 every year. Now, I 
think 1 have very clearly demonstrated what the power 
of the falls of the Spokane River is worth to the city, and 
what a great factor it must be in the development of 
industrial enterprises, prosperity and wealth. 







WHEAT PRODUCT. 


f^vUR next step will be to look with some detail into the 

products of the territory contiguous to Spokane, and 
from which the wealth of the future is to be derived. 

First, let us take up the wheat product. According 
to the United States government report issued in Septem¬ 
ber, 1890, Washington leads all the States in yield per 
acre of wheat. The average of this State is twenty-three 
bushels per acre. This is three bushels per acre higher 
than that of any other State, Montana being second, but 
with a total yield of insignificent proportions, and Mon¬ 
tana doubles the yield of the celebrated wheat growing 
States of North and South Dakota, the average in which 
States was found to be nine bushels per acre. The aver¬ 
age in States like Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska and Kansas is 
about fifteen bushels per acre. The wheat areas contiguous 
to Spokane are in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. 
The principal district is known as the Palouse country, 
and begins at a point about five miles south of Spokane, 
in Spokane county, and spreads out like a fan toward the 
south, southwest and southeast, covering portions of 
northwestern Idaho. This district has an average width 
of fifty miles, and is about 150 miles long, containing 
therefore about 7,500 square miles, or nearly 5,000,000 
acres. 

About one-fifth of this land is under cultivation, and 
about one-tenth of it was devoted to wheat last year, with 


an average yield of thirty bushels per acre, making a 
total amount of 15,000,000 bushels. At least 8,000,000 
of this was grown in the single county of Whitman, which 
adjoins Spokane county on the south. The Palouse is 
undoubtedly the most prolific wheat growing country in 
America. The soil is loose and spongy, and of volcanic 
origin. The rainfall is about twenty-eight inches per 
annum, which is supposed to be hardly enough for wheat, 
but the soil has a wonderful poAver of retaining moisture, 
and excellent crops of wheat have been grown where 
there was not a drop of rain from seeding to harvesting. 
Harvesting is effected easily and certainly. No rain falls 
during the harvest period, so that wheat is never en¬ 
dangered by bad Aveather. 

The Palouse country has been but recently settled. 
Nearly every foot of the land is available for cultivation. 
It is rolling prairie, with an abundance of timber in the 
neighboring mountains. It is reasonable to estimate that 
Avithin five years 2,000,000 acres of this land will be given 
up to Avheat growing. This, with an average of twenty- 
three bushels per acre, would produce 40,000,000 bushels 
of wheat per annum. As a matter of fact, the yield per 
acre is very much larger. The government reports, upon 
which the tAventy-three bushel per acre average Avas 
based, are made up from all over the State, some districts 
being included that are not very heavy producers. The 


25 










'V."~ " ■ 

*■ > Yk£ F~: 

, 









































average for last year in the Palouse country is certainly 
thirty bushels per acre, and there are many well authen¬ 
ticated cases where the yield ran up to fifty, sixty and 
eighty bushels per acre. The product of a single acre of 
wheat from near Pullman, in the Palouse country, was 
found by actual measurement to be 101 sacks, containing 
a bushel each, and was exhibited at the Northwestern 
Industrial Exposition held at Spokane in October of last 
year. 

Another extensive wheat growing district lies west 
of Spokane, and is known as the Big Bend country. It 
begins within about twelve miles of Spokane, and extends 
to the Columbia River. A glance at the map of Washing¬ 
ton will show you that the Columbia River flows south 
from British Columbia almost directly toward Spokane, 
but that at a point about eighty miles from the city it 
makes a wide detour toward the west, then again takes a 
southerly course, then turns east again, and finally flows 
off in a southwesterly direction to the Pacific Ocean. 

The name, Big Bend, comes from the detour made by 
the Columbia west of Spokane. The Big Bend country 
incloses the counties of Franklin, Adams, Douglas and 
Lincoln. Douglas, of which Waterville is the county 
seat, is the largest of the four. It and Franklin county 
are situated on the eastern bank of the Columbia River. 
Franklin county has only about nine inches of rainfall a 
year, and its lands can never be profitably cultivated except 
by irrigation. Its surface is almost wholly covered by 


sage brush, but its soil is rich, and, under the influence of 
irrigation, is very prolific. A portion of Adams must also 
be irrigated to be of agricultural use. About 300,000 
acres will produce good crops without irrigation. The 
southerly part of Douglas county is much like Adams 
and Franklin, and must be irrigated if it is employed in 
agriculture, but the middle and northern portions of the 
county do not need irrigation and are very productive. 
No railroad as yet runs to the interior of this county but 
it has a considerable population of thrifty farmers. The 
average yield of wheat for 1890 was 30 bushels per acre; 
in 1889, a very dry year, 22 bushels per acre, and in 1888, 
30 bushels per acre. There has not been a crop failure in 
eight years, the period of the county’s settlement. Little 
Club is the favorite of wheat grown. It requires only a 
half bushel per acre for seeding, while in the Eastern 
and Middle States from one bushel and a half to two 
bushels are required. The advantage in favor of Douglas 
county land lies in the more prolific character of the 
“stooling” of the wheat grown there, fifteen straws gen¬ 
erally growing from one hill and each hill produc¬ 
ing from 47 to 50 grains. Another advantage of the 
Little Club wheat grown is that it does not shatter 
after being cut, but will lie on the ground for weeks in 
dry weather without any appreciable loss. As a result 
of a very careful examination made by United States land 
officials, it is estimated that there are 676,000 acres of 
wheat land in Douglas county that does not require irri- 


27 


gation. This will produce on an average 2S bushels per 
acre, or an aggregate amount of 18,800,000 bushels per 
annum. It is hardly probable, however, that so much of 
the county s area will ever be given up to wheat growing, 
as pasturage and miscellaneous farming will occupy half 
of these 676,000 acres of land. A reasonable estimate is, 
that in five years the county will be producing 5 , 000,000 
bushels of wheat per annum. Only about 50,000 acres 
are now under cultivation, and there was about 25,000 
acres of new sod broken last autumn and this winter, 
making .'5,000 acres to be put down in crops this spring. 
Of the first-class land not yet taken up about 380,000 
acres of Govenrment land remains that may be entered in 
the regular way. The United States land office, not only 
for Douglas county, but Okanogan county as well, is at 
Waterville. 

Lincoln count}’ lies east of Douglas, adjoining Spo¬ 
kane county on one side. Its soil is very much like that 
of Douglas. It has about 80,000 acres under cultivation 
and about 600,000 acres in all that is suitable for wheat 
growing. Lincoln, Douglas and Adams combined have 
about 1,500,000 acres of wheat land that does not require 
irrigation, and if there is a good market for the product, 
these three counties will be producing from 10 , 000,000 to 
12,000,000 bushels per annum in five years. This, I am 
sure, is a very conservative estimate. I should not be 
surprised if the product is 15,000,000 bushels. It is 


apparent that here will be something* for the railroads 
to do. The marketing of 10,000,000 bushels of wheat 
means the employment of 22,000 cars, alio win o- 450 
bushels to the car. 

Two lines of railroad extend from Spokane through¬ 
out the Palouse country, the Union Pacific and the Spo¬ 
kane & Palouse. Two railroads also extend from Spo¬ 
kane into the Big Bend country, the Washington Central 
and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern 5 Spokane is there¬ 
fore a center into which the wheat from these districts 
can be quickly and inexpensively transported. The 
making of flour, both for domestic consumption and 
foreign export, will no doubt be one of the leading 
industiies of the city. ATe have a water power capable 
of developing 30,000 horse power, at the minimum. We 
can make flour cheaper in Spokane than anywhere else 
on the Pacific coast. We are just now making a begin¬ 
ning. The total output of our mills is now about 700 
ban els per day, but it is proposed to enlarg'e our flouring 
plant greatly during the next two years. An attempt 
was made last autumn to ship the wheat of this countrv 
both east and west to find a market, but the magnitude 
of the crop has paralyzed the railroads, and a severe 
blockade existed for many weeks. 

The natural function Spokane has to perform under 
this state of affairs, which is subject to repetition everv 


































































year, is to grind a great portion of this wheat product 
into flour. 

Just why this is so may be briefly summed up as 
follows: 

First. We have ample and cheap water-power to 
run the mills. 

Second. We can get a market for all the flour we 
can make, at home or abroad ; the greater the product, 
the better our market, according to the law in trade: that 
great producing centers are an advertisement in them¬ 
selves and create a momentum of their own. Minneap¬ 
olis is known as a flour producing center, therefore the 
world goes to Minneapolis for flour. We shall never 
make more flour in Spokane than we can sell. The more 
we make the better we shall be known as a source of 
supply. 

Third. We can have better control of freights from 
a common and influential center like this than could be 
had from weak and scattered points in the wheat grow¬ 
ing district. In other words, we can get better rates on 
flour out of Spokane than a shipper at any point in the 
Palouse country can get on wheat, because we have a 
larger product for shipment, because it is a more regular 
and concentrated form, because we have more general 
influence, and because we have better methods of making 
that influence effective. 


Fourth. There would be no lack of transportation 
facilities. There would be a short haul from all the 
wheat growing districts to Spokane. While it would take 
ten days to get a train load of wheat from a point in the 
Palouse country to Duluth, it would take but a few hours 
to get it from there to Spokane. Look at the saving of 
time, of cars, and of motive power. 

As to the securing of cars for the shipment of flour 
from here to the seaboard, we will take care of that, or 
rather that will take care of itself. There need be no 
uneasiness whatever on that point. This is a matter that 
rights itself as business increases. We have now shown 
what the wheat product of the region tributary to Spo¬ 
kane is, and what it may be. Any observer can easily 
understand what a flow of wealth must eventually come 
from the presence of so great a natural product. The 
farmers of this region received from five to six million 
dollars for the wheat they sent to market last autumn. 
If it had been transported promptly, they would have 
received more. The effect of so large a sum of money 
coming into a country every year will be very percepti¬ 
ble in the improvement of farms, the increase in better 
breeds of stock, the building up of towns and villages, and 
the consequent increase in all lines of business in the trade 
center and metropolis. 


30 


MINERAL RESOURCES AND SMELTING WORKS. 


DERHAPS the greatest single element of Spokane’s 
wonderful growth and prosperity is the proximity of 
great mining lands. These are scattered over a wide area 
of country, and are on almost every side of the city. We 
discover here an unequaled combination of mineral and 
agricultural wealth. There is not another portion of the 
United States where mining lands of so rich and extensive 
a character are to be found. I have already pointed out 
the wealth of our wheat product, and I shall now attempt 
to give a reasonable and conservative account of our tribu¬ 
tary mines. There are seven well defined mineral dis¬ 
tricts within 250 miles of Spokane, three of them within 
150 miles, and the leading one within 100 miles. These 
are the Coeur D’Alene district, the Seven Devils district, 
the Metaline district, the Colville district, the Okanogan 
district, the Kootenai district, and the Silver Creek district. 

The Coeur D’Alene district is east of Spokane, about 
e i»hty miles distant, and is the oldest and best developed 
ol all the districts named. Placer mining was formerly 
carried on there to a very great extent, but this has been 
to a great degree abandoned in favor of lead and silver 
mining. It was discovered a few years ago that galena 
ore existed here in great bodies, and since the develop¬ 
ment work has been very rapid and extensive. The out¬ 
put of ore for 1889 amounted to about $2,000,000; for 
1890 it was nearly double that amount. The value of the 
principal mines last year was about as follows: 


$ 250,000 
300,000 
290,000 
400,000 
1 , 000,000 
600,000 
300,000 
300,000 
80.000 
300,000 
250,000 
100,000 
100,000 


$4,270,000 

The Bunker Hill and Sullivan, one of the largest 
mines, ivas not producing last 3 'ear, owing to the putting 
in of extensive concentrating works. It has a capacity of 
at least $1,000,000 gross, per annum. The capacity of 
the Custer and the Morning is also to be greatly increased. 
About $500,000 worth of machinery and development 
work were put into the Couer D’Alene district last year, 
and the output will be more than double in quantity and 
value this year. The ore shipments now run from 300 to 
500 tons a day. Smelting works have been erected at 
Spokane, and it is proposed to treat at least a portion of 
this ore here. Two railroads run from Spokane into the 
Couer D’Alene district, the Couer D’Alene branch of the 
Northern Pacific, and the Washington and Idaho branch 
of the Union Pacific. Spokane is the principal supply 
point of these mines, and has been greatly benefited by 
the trade arising from them. They are largely owned by 


, at Mullan 
Morning Mine, at Mullan 
The Gem, on Canyon Creek 
The Granite, on Canyon Creek 
The Poorman - 

The Tiger ------ 

Helena and Frisco 

Custer, on Nine Mile Creek - 

California, on Nine Mile Creek 

Emma and Last Chance, at Wardner - 

Sierra Nevada, at Wardner 

Stem Winder. 

Partially developed mines 


31 


















































Spokane people, and the enrichment of these owners is 
in a manner the enrichment of the city. The Couer 
D’Alene country is but in its infancy. Accurate surveys 
show it to possess phenomenal wealth. Many flourishing 
mining towns are growing up, and a large and wealthy 
population will soon be established there. The great 
mines mentioned above are in an area only thirty by eight 
miles in extent. Second to the Couer D'Alene district in 
development and paying mining properties is the Koote¬ 
nai district. This is in British Columbia, about fifty miles 
over the line, and about 175 miles from Spokane. Though 
in British Columbia, these mines are owned and operated 
mainly by citizens of the United States, and the ore out¬ 
put that comes from them will necessarily come into this 
country to find treatment and a market. The Kootenai 
district is subdivided into two smaller districts, the Warm 
Spring district and the Toad Mountain district. Both are 
near Kootenai Lake, upon which there is a good steamer 
transportation. The ores of the Warm Spring district 
are generally lead, bearing silver. The following is a 
statement of the most promising ore bodies yet discovered : 


Name of Mine. 

Character of Ore. 

Assay Value 
of Silver Per 
Ton. 

Skyline 

Black sulphate and native silver.... 

$ HO to $14 000 

United 

Galena and native silver. 

35 to 

13 50 1 

Keuo 

Galena and wire silver. . ... 

40 to 

900 

Neos’ho 

Wire Silver, ruby and black sulphate. 

40 to 

5 000 

Fourth of July 

Galena and carbonate sulphate. 

40 to 

900 

No. 1 

Block sulphate wire and native silver. 

30 to 

2 000 

Little Donald 

Galena and block sulphate. 

35 to 

400 

Spokane 

Galena. 

35 to 

- 4 ° 

Gallagher 

Carbonates, iron and oxide. 

35 to 

400 

Union 

Carbonates and galena. 

30 to 

000 

Alex 

Carbonates and galena. 

40 to 

159 

Dellie 

Carbonates and iron oxide. 

35 to 

100 

Sunlight 

Galena and carbonates. 

40 to 

175 


Some very rich discoveries have been made in the 
Toad Mountain district. The locations have been made 
in or about Toad Mountain, hence the name of the dis¬ 
trict. Assays of the Silver King, one of the principal 
mines here, run from 80 to 1,000 ounces in silver, and 
from 10 to 35 per cent, in copper; of the Grizzly Bear, 
from 40 to 300 ounces in silver, and from 5 to 25 per 
cent, of copper, and of the Dandy from 30 to 600 ounces 
in silver and from 5 to 15 per cent, of copper. The 
Toughnut gives assays of 40 to 100 ounces of silver per 
ton. 

A great deal of work is being done in the. Toad 
Mountain district this year and thousands of tons of ore 
have been taken out and now await shipment. The 
entire Kootenai district is without means of transporta¬ 
tion, but the Spokane A Northern railroad is being rap¬ 
idly built from Spokane in that direction, 125 miles 
having already been completed. The present northern 
terminus is at Little Dalles on the Columbia River, and 
boats are being constructed to run from that point, in 
connection with the road, to Sproat’s landing, fifty miles 
above, where connection will be made with a short line 
of railway running out to the Toad Mountain district and 
Kootenai* Lake. As soon as the Canadian Parliament 
gives permission, the Spokane A Northern road will be 
built to Nelson. The present arrangement, however, 
will enable shippers to send considerable quantities of ore 
to the smelting works at Spokane. 

The Spokane and Northern railway is essentially 
a Spokane road, and will command almost the entire 
product of the Kootenai district. The Colville district 

























extends from the Little^Dalles. the upper^terminus of the 
Spokane & Northern, to Chewelah, a point on that 
line a few miles south of the town of Colville. There 
are some very promising mines in this district, and con¬ 
siderable shipments of ore have been made this year. 
Much development work has been done, and the output 
of ore for 1891 will be greatly increased. All this ore 
will come to Spokane for treatment and for a market. 

The Metaline district is on the Pend d’Oreille River, 
about twenty miles east of Colville. Communication will 
be had by a branch of the Spokane & Northern road, in 
whose territory it lies. The ore is a rich galena. Two of 
the principal mines are the Blue Bell and the Lake Yiew. 
The ore from the former runs from $2 to $8 in silver per 
ton, with TO per cent, of lead, while that of the latter 
runs 60 per cent, of lead. It is essentially a lead-bearing 
district. 

The Okanogan district is northwest of Spokane, 
about 160 miles, and as yet has no railway communication. 
Some of the mines have been worked to a considerable 
extent, and some of the ore is rich enougli to bear wagon 
transportation nearly 100 miles. 

The principal mines are the Fourth of July, whose 
ore is silver in quartz, worth from $50 to $2,500 per ton ; 
the First Thought, whose ore is silver and lead worth 
from $40 to $700 per ton, and the Arlington, whose ore 
is silver in quartz, worth from $30 to $300 per ton. Sur¬ 
veys have been made this year for a line from the Spokane 
& Northern road across the Colville Indian Reserva¬ 


tion into Ruby City, the central point of the Okanogan 
district, and this line will certainly be built next year. 
The Washington Central will also go to Ruby City next 
year. The Silver Creek district lies just over the crest of 
the Cascade range on the west side, near Cady Pass, and 
will be near the line of the Great Northern railroad run¬ 
ning from Spokane to Puget Sound. It is a new district, 
but is very rich in silver ores. Work is being carried 
forward here with great vigor, and it is expected that ship¬ 
ments of ore will begin next spring to the smelting works 
in Spokane. 

The Seven Devils district is about 250 miles south 
and a little east of Spokane in the State of Idaho. The 
ore is very rich in copper, and great activity now exists 
there, but, so far, there has been established no means of 
transportation owing to the rough character of the 
country. 

This completes a hurried survey of the mining dis¬ 
tricts tributary to Spokane. It was because of our great 
mining resources that the Northern Pacific Reduction 
Company concluded to establish extensive smelting works 
at this point. These works are now completed, and will 
be in full operation soon. The company was formed in 
New York with a capital of $1,000,000. The citizens of 
Spokane contributed, by guaranteeing the cost of a rail¬ 
road from the city to the site of the plant, a distance of 
about five miles. Col. R. G. Ingersoll, of New York, is 
president of the Reduction Company; Mr. James H. 
Breslin, of New York, vice-president, and Mr. J. N. 






+-f 


~y 




































Baker, of New York, secretary. Practical operations 
here were entrusted to Mr. Frederick Burbidge. The 
work of construction began last summer, and has gone 
on uninterruptedly ever since. The Reduction Company 
have erected eleven or twelve buildings altogether. 
There is a building for the roasting furnaces, 70x90 feet 
in size; ore bins, 30x50 feet; sampling house, 30x60 feet; 
coke storage house, 40x50 feet; charcoal storage, 40x50 
feet; three bedding floors, 40x40 feet each; charging 
floor and furnace room, 30x60 feet; blower house, 25x30 
feet; engine and boiler room, 25x30 feet; blacksmith 
and carpenter shops, 20x50 feet; general office building, 
22x39 feet; tank building, capacity 30,000 gallons. 
There are two water jacket blast furnaces and two 
reverberatory roasting furnaces, the latter being seven¬ 
teen feet wide and sevent}^ feet long. There are two 
Root blowers, one 100 horse power engine, and two 
boilers. 14x60 feet each. There are two smoke stacks, 
one 120 feet high and about twenty feet square at the 
base, the other one, a smaller one, seventy feet high, and 
a dust chamber 140 feet long. There is the necessary 
crushing machinery, a single piece of which weighs 
nearly ten tons, and all the other equipments belonging 
to smelting works of the latest design. The railroad 
runs immediately b\ r the ore bins on one side and by the 
roasting furnaces on the other. The works have been 
built on a gradual decline, so that the ore is taken down 
to the blast furnaces by gravity, thus avoiding much 
expense of handling. It will not be inappropriate to 


recount here some of the salient advantages of Spokane 
as a smelting center. 

First. It is the focal point of a system of railroads 
that now extend to all the ore producing districts in this 
region, with one or two exceptions. 

Second. Generally speaking, it will cost 75 per cent, 
less to ship the ores of our mining districts to Spokane 
than to any other smelting point worth consideration. 

Third. Our lead ores are now shipped to Eastern 
smelters. Roughly speaking, four tons of ore that carries 
25 per cent, of lead will produce one ton of bullion. 
Therefore, instead of shipping four tons of ore to our 
Eastern market, we will ship one ton of bullion, thus saving 
heavy freight charges. 

Fourth. On “ dry ” or non-lead producing ores, the 
saving will be far greater for the bullion produced, and 
will be of no appreciable weight. There is an offset to 
these advantages in the greater cost here of treatment of 
ores, from the higher price of labor, fuel,, and general 
supplies, but making due allowance for all this, there still 
remains a net saving in favor of Spokane as a smelting 
center. It will not be long until the Northern Pacific 
Reduction Company will make an effort to prove the 
truth of this assertion. They have already expended 
about $100,000, and have thus given an earnest of the 
sincerity of their efforts. The works will have a capacity 
of 150 tons per day. The industry thus created will be 
the largest and most important of the kind on the Pacific 
coast north of San Francisco. 


36 
















MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. 


I CAN do no better under this heading than to quote from 
the official report made upon several county exhibits 
made at the Northwestern Industrial Exposition held in 
this city during October of last year. These quotations, 
as will be seen, refer mainly to agricultural, horticultural, 
and vegetable exhibits. 

The counties referred to are Spokane, in which the 
city of Spokane is situated; Whitman, of the Palouse 
country, which adjoins Spokane on the south, and Lincoln 
and Adams, which are situated to the west and southwest 
of Spokane, the former adjoining Spokane county in the 
Big Bend country. 

SPOKANE COUNTY. 

J. H. Butler, of Moran prairie, made a fine exhibit of 
fruit; thirty-six varieties of apples, four of pears and five 
of plums, together with clippings of Marlborough Mul¬ 
berry, preserved fruits, etc. 

M. F. Chesman, from his fruit farm two miles east of 
the city, exhibited sixteen varieties of apples and two of 
pears. 

J. R. Strong, of Five Mile Prairie, several varieties 
of apples and pears, some samples of grain and ten varie¬ 
ties of vegetables. 


W. W. Hayward, from three miles north of Fairfield 
exhibited three turnips weighing 44 13—IB pounds ; three 
rutabagas, 51 5-16 pounds; eight onions, 12 9-16 pounds. 

J. F. Weger, from Bellores farm, preserved fruits, 
fifteen varieties of apples and four of pears. 

W. Buckmaster presented a sample of Canada Blue 
potatoes. He paid one dollar for two seeds, from wh ich he 
planted forty hills. He raised 575 bushels the first sea¬ 
son with only usual cultivation. 

Crodner’s fruit farm, 14 miles east of city, made a 
fine display of 32 varieties of apples and samples of other 
fruits. 

J. J. Stage, of Pleasant View, ] 1-4 miles from City 
Postoffice, made a splendid display of fruit; twentv-three 
varieties of apples, three of prunes and six of pears. 

WHITMAN COUNTY. 

The Whitman county exhibit was essentially an 
agricultural one, eight spaces being secured for the pur¬ 
pose of showing it to advantage. Less than ten days 
were occupied in making the collection, and the commis¬ 
sioners displayed great enterprise in making it so com¬ 
plete as to show all the varieties of products of that won¬ 
derful county. Of fruits there were all varieties; seventy 


38 




A FEW SPECIMENS OF THE PRODUCTS OF WASHINGTON 


of apples, nine of pears, four of plums. Two hundred 
and sixty-one acres of wheat show a yield of from 50 to 
75 bushels per acre. A phenomenal crop from one meas¬ 
ured acre was 101 measured bushels, exhibited by E. J. 
Northcutt of Pullman. Another acre showed 861-6 
bushels exhibited by T. W. Savage. John Munson 
vouches for 5,050 bushels on 130 acres. Paul Beckmier 
had 69 acres from which he harvested 2,391 bushels. II. 
B. Lyon sent one stack of wheat containing 243 stems 
from one kernel. Three varieties of oats show an aver¬ 
age yield of from 60 to 90 bushels per acre. Fine barley 
samples average 50 to 60 bushels. Several varieties of 
corn, one of yellow dent twelve feet high. One field, 
eight acres of corn yielded 100 bushels per acre; one of 
ninety-four acres, 40 bushels; another of seventeen acres, 
45 bushels. 

Of the miscellaneous grains, grasses, etc,, on exhi¬ 
bition may be mentioned broom corn, sorghum, bunch 
grass, wild rye, gourds, millet, hops, blue grass, purple 
top, canary seed, golden winter millets and cheat, red 
top, timothy, tobacco, wild rye. Alfalfa first and second 
crop, red clover, hemp and flaxseed. Vegetables are not 
neglected in this prolific section of our State. 

The following is the yield per acre of some of the 
vegetable exhibits: 

Early Bose potatoes, 11 acres, 710 bushels per acre; 
Palouse Seedling potatoes, 11 acres, 578 bushels per acre ; 
Yellow Danver onions, 800 bushels per acre ; Silver Skin 
onions, 650 bushels per acre. 


ADAMS COUNTY. 


The following is a tabulated statement of grains 
exhibited by Adams county : 


Variety of Grain. 

Character of Land. 

Acres. 

Average 
Bushels per 
Acre. 

Blue Stem wheat. 

Upland sod. 

i« 

56 

26 

tt 

70 

25 

White Side oats. 

ii 

120 

46 

». 

it 

80 

42 

Blue Stem wheat. 

it 

70 

27 

Little Club wheat . 

it 

145 

23 

Red Chaff who tt.. 

ii 

200 

22 

Red Furst wheat . 

ii 

18 

28 

White Shannon oats. 

Bottom land. 

40 

92 H 

Blue Stem wheat. 

Upland sod. 

70 

23 

23 

Washington Blue Stem.. 

ii 

90 

Blue Stem wheat. 

Volunteer crop. 

40 

26 

Shannon barley . 

Upland sod *. 

50 

62 

Blue Stem wheat... . 

Volunteer crop. 

40 

26 

Blue Stem wheat. 

Summer fallow upland 

70 

36 

White Side oats. 

Upland sod . 

60 

57 

White < >;i t s. 

Summer fallow upland 

63 

75 

White Shannon oats.. . 

Upland sod 

80 

43 

Blue Stem wheat. 

Summer fallow upland 

151 

40 

White Shannon barley.. 

summer fallow upland 

45 

62^ 


LINCOLN COUNTY. 

The following displays were made bv Wilbur: 

Wheat showing an average yield of from 38 to 51 
bushels per acre ; oats 51 bushels. Other cereals, such as 
millet, barley, rye and corn, were shown. 

H. S. Wynhoff exhibited one lot of 17 potatoes taken 
from one hill, the weight of which was 18 pounds. 

Mr. Henderson showed one potato weighing 17 ounces. 

C. Irwin had one sample of millet 4^ feet high with 
heads 16 inches long. 

F. Benson, samples of rye hay cut June 13th, 11 acres, 
which yielded 25 tons. Four acres of wheat averaged 7 
to 7i feet high. 












































All of the vegetables exhibited were of fine size and 
all varieties. 

The following exhibits were made by Sprague in the 
same county : 

Mr. B. B. Glasscock exhibited five jars of various grains, 
Red Chaff wheat, 350 acres, averaging 35 bushels; Blue 
Stem wheat, 420 acres, 30 bushels ; White oats, 70 bush¬ 
els ; Cheveleir oats, 360 acres, 40 bushels ; White barley, 
100 acres, 40 bushels. 

John Chandler, one field of 28 acres barley, 50 bush¬ 
els ; other varieties of grain ranging from 20 to 65 
bushels per acre. Timothy grass three tons per acre. 

W. H. Dewey exhibited 215 spears of wheat from 
one kernel. 

Mrs. Ryan exhibited 100 spears of wheat from one 
kernel. 

Samples of bunch grass and second growth of wheat 
were to be seen. 

J. H. Overshaw exhibited samples of barley, raised 
in a nine-acre field, the total yield being 802 bushels. 

Similar reports were made upon Stevens, Douglas 
and other counties of eastern Washington. The above 
extracts are quoted to show the kinds and quantities of 


grass, vegetables and fruit produced in the region adjoin¬ 
ing and tributary to Spokane. Other products in abund¬ 
ance not mentioned here are, fire-clay, potter’s clay, 
marble, white sand, mica, mineral paints, limestone, iron 
ore and architectural granite. These products are to be 
found in inexhaustible quantises within fifty miles of 
Spokane. 

There is a mountain of granite nine miles north of 
the city from which the government works at the Cas¬ 
cade Locks at the Columbia are supplied, and from which 
blocks weighing seven to ten tons are easily cut. The 
finest fire-clay and potter’s clay have been found fourteen 
miles from the city, and from these banks extensive pot¬ 
tery, terra cotta and fire brick works in the city now draw 
their suppty. A very large deposit of bog iron has been 
found eighteen miles from the city. One of the most 
noticeable.exhibits at the late Exposition was that of some 
white sand from a point on the Spokane River some miles 
below the city, while six varieties of mineral paint clay 
from a point twenty-five miles north of the city on the 
Spokane & Northern railroad were shown. Deposits of 
both mineral paint clay and white sand are very extensive. 



AN ORCHARD SCENE IN SPOKANE. 








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«* ■- ■'•: 









RAILROADS. 


O POKANE now has seven railroads, and on these seven 
^ roads sixteen passenger trains come and go every 
day. More railroads center here, more trains come and 
go from here every day, than from any point west of St. 
Paul and Minneapolis, not excepting Portland, Tacoma 
or Seattle. Spokane is not only the great railroad center 
of the Columbia River basin, but it is the great railroad 
center of the upper Pacific Coast., The railroads have 
been a mighty factor in making Spokane what it is. The} 7 
have opened up to us a wide extent of territory and 
brought us its trade. They have populated this surrounding 
territory and made its trade of value. They have given 
us an outlet to the seaboard both east and west, and put 
us in the midst of the highway of the world’s overland 
traffic. 

The roads now running into the city are the Northern 
Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Spokane & Northern, the 
Spokane & Idaho, the Spokane & Palouse, the Washing¬ 
ton Central and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. 

The Northern Pacific was completed to Spokane in 
1881, and was completed through to Puget Sound and 
the Pacific Coast in 1884. It was the first great trans¬ 
continental line to open up what was then the Territory 
of Washington (now the State of Washington), to settle¬ 
ment and prosperity. Railroads are the great civilizers 
and wealth producers of the age, but it is doubtful if ever 
there followed in the wake of any advancing line of rail¬ 


way so wide-spread and great development and enrich¬ 
ment as that which has followed the building of the 
Northern Pacific railroad into the Pacific Northwest. 
Roads had already been completed across the continent 
on the southern and middle lines, but it remained for the 
Northern Pacific, constructed on the northern line, to 
cause the erection of the first chain of States extending 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. When before in the 
history of the country has there been such rapidity of 
development, such a rapid accumulation of products that 
are the staple in the world’s commerce, such an increase of 
population and wealth, such wonderful achievements in 
the building of cities, and the taking of such marvelous 
strides in the construction of a new and powerful indus¬ 
trial empire, as has occurred during the last ten years in 
this northwestern corner of the Union, embraced in the 
State of Washington? The Northern Pacific was the 
pioneer line that opened to the world the possibilities of 
this new territory, and following it has come almost every 
line of railway crossing the continent. In the State of 
Washington will be found the Pacific Coast terminus of 
the Union Pacific, the Great Northern and the Canadian 
Pacific in addition to the Northern Pacific. They are all 
seeking a foothold here, and one does not have to look 
far ahead to see where the focal point of the com¬ 
merce on the western side of the continent will be. 
It is because of these considerations, because of the 


43 



great pioneer work done by the Northern Pacific Ptail- 
road in demonstrating the latent wealth of this country, 
that our people will always feel a grateful appreciation of 
the services of Iienry Villard, for it was he more than 
any other one individual who had the power to compre¬ 
hend the character and extent of our resources, and it was 
he before any other who had the skill and the courage to 
carry his convictions into effect. Spokane has had some 
sharp contests with the Northern Pacific, and will proba¬ 
bly have others, but her people are none the less alive to 
the work done by that road in building up their city, as 
well as the State of Washington. 

The Union Pacific completed its line into Spokane in 
the autumn of 1889. This gave us a second transconti¬ 
nental line and opened up a very rich farming country to 
the south. For nearly 200 miles south the Union Pacific 
runs through a wheat and farming country of marvelous 
richness. It has a branch known as the Washington & 
Idaho, leaving the main line about 30 miles southeast of 
Spokane, and going directly into the rich Coeur D’Alene 
mining country. There is a daily train service between 
Spokane and the principal points in the Coeur d’Alene 
district over this line. Spokane is the Northeastern ter¬ 
minus of the Union Pacific system. The system here 
reaches its highest northern point. It finds here a rich 
and profitable territory having more business than it can 
handle. The truth is there existed from October 1st last 
year to January 1st this year a blockade on both the 
Union Pacific and Northern Pacific lines throughout the 


wheat-growing districts of eastern Washington. Illus¬ 
trations are given on these pages showing the wheat piled 
up in great pyramids at various stations on these two 
lines during the period that the blockade existed. 

The Great Northern will be the third transcontinental 
line to get into Spokane. The contract has been let for 
the construction of the Great Northern to this point by 
November of the present year. The grade stakes are 
now being set all along the line northeast of the cit} r , 
and the actual work.of construction has already begun. 
When the Great Northern shall have been completed to 
this point, Spokane will be the only interior city west of 
Chicago having three transcontinental roads. The com¬ 
ing of the Great Northern is looked forward to with 
great interest by our people. It is a very stable and 
reliable road. It will open up a new country both 
east and west. New farming lands will thus be brought 
into the market. New and wide forests of timber 
will be made accessible, and new and tributary towns and 
cities will spring up where there are now but wastes of 
wild and uninhabited country. Spokane & Northern was 
built during the summer of 1889 and the spring of 1S90. 
It extends from Spokane to Little Dalles, a point on the 
Columbia river 125 miles north and a short distance south 
of the British Columbia boundary line. This road was 
planned and built by D. C. Corbin, of New York, who 
has long been closely identified with mining and railroad 
interests in Montana, Idaho and Washington. lie built 
the Spokane & Northern to control the business in that 


44 





wide extent of country lying immediately north of Spo¬ 
kane. It has been a profitable line from the start. There 
is a large lumber trade arising on the first forty miles out 
of the city, and the upper portion runs through the cele¬ 
brated Colville valley, which is the most prolific hay-pro¬ 
ducing country in eastern Washington. It does a large 
business in shipping ores out of the Colville mining dis¬ 
trict, and at Marcus, a point 25 miles below Little Dalles, 
a branch will be built out through the Colville Indian 
Reservation to the Okanogan and Wannacut Lake mining 
districts. The surveys for this branch line have been 
made, and Congress has given the right of way through 
the Reservation. It is Mr. Corbin’s intention to extend 
the line from Little Dalles into the Kootenai mining dis¬ 
trict of British Columbia. At present, connection is 
made at Little Dalles with a line of steamers on the 
Columbia, that run up to Revelstoke on the Canadian 
Pacific. In this way Spokane has made connection with 
another transcontinental line. The trip from Spokane to 
Revelstoke over this route is one of the finest from a 
scenic point of view in America, and is very popular with 
tourists in the summer season. There are three hundred 
miles of steamer travel on the Upper Columbia, where 
the scenery is wild and rugged and picturesque beyond 
description. Many tourists now come to Spokane over 
the Northern and Union Pacific roads, and here they 
take the Spokane & Northern for this splendid tour, mak¬ 
ing connection with the Canadian Pacific at Revelstoke 
and going in that way to Victoria and Vancouver, where 
connections are made for Alaska or the Puget Sound 
cities of Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia. 

The Spokane & Idaho is a branch of the Northern 
Pacific, leaving the main line a short distance east of the 
City and running into the rich Coeur D’Alene mining dis¬ 


tricts. It runs to Lake Coeur D’Alene, one of the most 
beautiful bodies of water on the Pacific slope. This lake 
is thirty miles from Spokane, and is greatly frequented 
in summer as a fishing and camping resort. 

The Spokane & Palouse is another branch of the 
Northern Pacific, leaving the main line nine miles west 
of Spokane and going down into the great Palouse farm¬ 
ing region. It runs to Lewiston, in Idaho, a distance of 
160 miles, and is one of the most valuable feeders of the 
trade of this City. 

The Washington Central is still another branch of the 
Northern Pacific, leaving the main line a few miles still 
further west, and runs out into the famous Big Bend 
country for a distance of about 120 miles. It is to be 
extended to the Columbia river, and perhaps into the 
Okanogan mining district. 

The Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railroad runs 
from Spokane into the Big Bend country, it and Wash¬ 
ington Central being almost exclusively agricultural roads. 

This completes the list of roads centering in Spokane. 
It will be seen that they radiate in every direction and 
cover a very wide and fruitful area of country. Exten¬ 
sions were added to three of these roads during the year 
1890, twenty-five miles to the Spokane & Northern, 
taking it from Marcus to Little Dalles; seventy miles to 
the Spokane & Palouse, in the way of a branch running 
from Pullman to Lewiston, the latter place being in Idaho 
and the center of a fine agricultural and fruit district, and 
about fifty miles to the Washington Central, taking it 
from Wilbur to a point several miles beyond Coulee City. 
The present year will witness the construction of the 
Great Northern, and on that line will be done most of the 
railroad building for the year in the country tributary to 
this City. 


45 


A GREAT ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION. 




DEFERENCE has already been made to the purposes 
1 ' served in the city by the power derived from the falls 
of the Spolcane River. The most remarkable single illus¬ 
tration of the development and practical application of 
this power is perhaps found in the electric lighting plant 
of the Edison Company. 

Electric light in the city was first supplied bv the 
Spokane Falls Electric Light and Power Company in 
1885, the capacity of the plant being twelve arc lights and 
300 incandescents. In 1888 the Edison Electric Illumi¬ 
nating Company, of Spokane Falls, was incorporated, and 
acquired possession of the plant of the Spokane Falls 
Electric Light and Power Company and increased its 
capacity to 1,200 incandescent lights and eighty arc 
lights. In August, 1889, at the time of the great fire, the 
plant consisted of 135 arcs and 1,800 incandescents. Since 
then the pole lines have been rebuilt and extended, and 
there have been added 215 arcs and about 3,200 incandes¬ 
cents, bringing the total capacity of the plant up to 350 
arcs and 5,000 incandescents. The Edison Company, 
which controls the entire lighting field, was until recently 
running its plant at three separate stations, but the 
increased demand for light and power, and the outlook 
for the future have caused it to build and equip a large 
central station. 


This new station is situated at the foot of the lowest 
fall on the south side of the river, at the corner of Front 
and Monroe streets, on the property of the Washington 
Water-Power Company. This site was selected by the 
engineers of the Edison Company as being the best spot 
for obtaining absolutely trustworthy power all the year 
round, and where the station could be enlarged to meet 
the demands of a city of 100,000 people. 

The dimensions of the main building are 65x120 feet. 
It is two stories high. The wheel room and foundations 
are composed of heavy granite, obtained from neighboring 
quarries, laid in Portland cement mortar, 2,500 perch of 
granite and 1,000 barrels of cement being used. The 
upper portion of the building is composed of brick, with 
pilastered walls. The floor girders are of rolled iron, the 
columns of cast iron, and the floors of corrugated iron 
arches covered with Portland cement concrete and tiling, 
supposed to be absolutely fire-proof, the entire building 
being designed with this end in view. 

The supply of water to run the turbines comes down 
into the station through two steel penstocks, each seven 
feet in diameter and nearly 500 feet long and deliver 
2,700 horse-power. All the wheels and hydraulic equip¬ 
ment are in the first floor, the second floor being given up 
to the dynamos and electrical apparatus. The wheel equip- 


46 




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ment consists of 12 pairs of Victor turbines of the twin 
horizontal pattern. Four pairs of these wheels are of 15 
inches in diameter and have a capacity to drive 2-1 Thomp- 
son-Houston arc dynamos of 50 lights each. The other 
eight pairs are of eight inches diameter and have a capacitv 
to drive 16 No. 20 Edison dynamos. 

The water-power designs have been carried out with 
the idea of duplicating as nearly as possible the perfection 
of small units of power as now in vogue in the best con¬ 
structed Edison stations in the East. For instance, in the 
Edison department, each pair of wheels drives a pair of 
Edison dynamos; and as there are eight pairs of wheels 
driving eight pairs of dynamos, any variation of load, 
distributed as it would be over the equivalent of 12,000 
lights would be unnoticeable to the consumer. In the 
arc department, where there is no variation of load 
to be noticed, the wheels are designed with the idea of 
carrying six machines each. The early lights run exclu¬ 
sively from one machine and are usually all started and 
all shut down at the same time. The all-night machines 
to the number of six, run from another pair of wheels. 
This arrangement is carried out in the entire arc depart¬ 
ment. The duplication of flumes has been found necessarv 
after a long experience with water-power and will enable 
the company to shut down either one of its flumes during 
the day time without impairing the day service in any way 


and, as already stated, any one of the water wheels can be 
shut off, leaving all the others in full operation. 

The station throughout has been designed with the 
one idea of getting absolutely uninterrupted power both 
day and night all the year round, and the most expe¬ 
rienced engineers that have examined the plans and 
designs agree that the company, while adopting a some¬ 
what new departure in the development of water-power, 
has succeeded in accomplishing its desideratum. 

The plans for this station and the designs for the 
hydraulic arrangements are the work of Henry A. Her¬ 
rick, resident engineer of the Washington Water-Power 
Company, under the superintendence of Col. J. T. Fan¬ 
ning, consulting engineer, and give evidence of great 
skill and care. The plans and designs for the electrical 
equipment of the station are the work of Mr. John B. 
Fisken, the electrician of the company. It is probablv 
the greatest water-power station for the generation of 
electric current in the world. The officers of the com¬ 
pany are: F. Rockwood Moore, president; John W. 
Chapman, vice-president; J. D. Sherwood, treasurer; W. 
S. Norman, secretary and general manager. The stock¬ 
holders include some of the most prominent capitalists of 
the city. The capital stock of the company is $ 200 , 000 , 
fully paid up. 


CLOUGH & GRAVES. 


r PHE firm of Clough & Graves is well known, not only 
1 in Spokane, but throughout the Pacific Northwest, 
having been in existence about three and one-half years, 
and is composed of the Hon. C. F. Clough and Mr. Jay 
P. Graves. Since its advent into the Realty field, the 
firm have made some very large investments; in fact, 
some of the largest investments made by outside capital¬ 
ists have been negotiated through their office. By their 
shrewdness, their judgment, and their conservative busi. 
ness methods, the}' have made some excellent and paying 
investments, thus gaining an enviable reputation and 
building up a business that stands pre-eminently in the 
front rank of sound financial firms. The aggregate sales 
of real estate made by this firm in a single year reached 
$2,000,000, which shows the confidence reposed in these 
gentlemen by Eastern and Western capitalists. Both 
members of the firm have accumulated a large amount of 
very valuable property, both improved and unimproved, 
consisting in part of business blocks and residences. 
They have made a specialty; r of organizing syndicates for 
the purpose of buying large tracts of land, platting and 
selling of same. The different projects of this nature 
that they have been engaged in were in every instance a 
financial success, and the members of the firm have inva¬ 
riably been members of these syndicates, thus testifying 


to the confidence they felt in their transactions. One 
tract of twelve acres was handled by them in this man¬ 
ner, the syndicate paying $70,000 for the property. In¬ 
side of six months the property was sold for $281,000. 
While this was an exceptional case, they have been emi¬ 
nently successful in making profitable investments for all 
the companies and syndicates that they have organized.' 

The Hon. C. F. Clough has resided in Spokane for 
seven years, and has seen it grow from a straggling 
village of a few hundred people to a large, thriving city 
of 30,000. He has prospered financially and has gained 
the confidence and respect of his fellow-citizens, having 
just retired from the office of Mayor. He is well known 
throughout the Pacific Northwest for his keen yet con¬ 
servative business methods, which have amassed for him 
a comfortable fortune. 

Mr. Jay P. Graves is one of Spokane’s most active 
citizens. His work in connection with the Chamber of 
Commerce has aided in the successful termination of a 
large number of public matters, and his judgment is 
highly valued by his colleagues, as is testified by the 
work intrusted to him when an energetic committee 
worker is needed. His integrity and reliability have 
gained for him an excellent reputation, and he is num¬ 
bered among Spokane’s largest capitalists. 


m 


49 
























HOLLEY, MASON, MARKS & CO. 


'T'HIS is a typical Spokane commercial enterprise. It is 
1 one of the largest and most successful hardware con¬ 
cerns on the Pacific coast, and the story of its growth 
reads almost like a romance. The business was estab¬ 
lished in June, 1884, by W. R. Newport and Joseph B. 
Holley. They occupied a one-story frame building. The 
business was begun in a very small way with a limited 
capital, but was a success from the very start. It grad¬ 
ually increased, and before the first year had rolled 
around the quarters were found to be entirely inadequate, 
and they moved into a three-story brick, on the corner of 
Howard and Riverside avenue. In March, 1887, Mr. New¬ 
port’s health having failed, he disposed of his interest in the 
business to F. H. Mason, and the firm was reorganized 
with an increased capital under the firm name of Holley, 
Mason & Co. The increase in the volume of business in 
sympathy with the phenomenal growth of the city and 
country was very rapid, and it soon became necessary for 
the firm to lease the entire three-story building, and the 
partitions for offices were taken out and the building 
remodeled. In the spring of 1888 this building was found 
inadequate to hold the stock which it was necessary for 
the firm to carry, and they purchased property at the 
corner of Howard street and Railroad avenue, and had 
plans drawn for a three-story brick building, the inten¬ 
tion being to use this for their wholesale business and 


warehouse, and continue the retail business at the How¬ 
ard and Riverside avenue building. 

In the month of November, 1888, Mr. Holley was 
taken suddenly ill, having broken down from overwork, 
and.died on the 26th of the month. This necessitated a 
change in the business, and a consolidation was made with 
the firm of J. R. Marks & Co., who had been conducting, 
for several years, a hardware business in the Cceur 
D’Alene mining country, having stores at Wardner, Wal¬ 
lace, Murray, Mullan and Burke. A joint-stock company 
was formed with a paid up capital of $200,000, and the con¬ 
tract for the new building was about to be signed at the 
time of the great conflagration in August, 1889. At this 
time the firm had several warehouses, and had their plumb¬ 
ing and steam heating business on Howard street between 
First and Railroad avenue. The fire swept away their 
main store and their plumbing and steam heating branch. 

Before the fire had ceased to burn, the lumber for a 
temporary store at the corner of Howard and Railroad 
avenue had been contracted for and goods had been 
ordered by telegraph. The fire occurred on Sunday, and 
by the Thursday following, the temporary building was 
under roof (the tin for the roof having been brought in by 
express), the first carload of goods had arrived from Port¬ 
land, and the business was under full sway again. 

After the fire, the firm, realizing from past experi- 


51 



ence that commodious and ample quarters were abso¬ 
lutely necessary, entered into a lease with Mr. F. K. 
Moore for a building to be erected expressly for their 
needs, on Howard street, between Main and Eiverside 
avenue, with a frontage of 80 feet on Howard, six stories 
in height, with basement. This building was rushed to 
completion, and the $rm moved into it in the spring of 
1890. The building is constructed especially to hold an 
immense weight. The basement is large and well lighted. 
It is used for the storage of cordage, nails, bolts, 
lumberman’s tools, and similar goods. The entire 
building is heated by steam, the boiler rooms being 
located in the rear of the basement. The first floor 
is finished entirely in oak, and has 'every convenience 
known to the trade for the handling of their goods. 
The offices are a marvel of beauty. The second floor 
is used as a salesroom for stoves; the shipping and 
packing departments are located here; it contains the 
reserve stock of shelf hardware and leather and rubber 
belting, of which the firm carries a large stock. The 
third floor is used as a salesroom for plumbing supplies, 
steam-fitting supplies, brass goods, and it contains the 
offices of the foreman and the book-keeper of the steam 


and hot water heating departments. The fourth floor is 
devoted entirely to the storage of stoves and stove cast¬ 
ings. The fifth floor is used for the storage of wagon 
wood stock and light articles in their line, and is filled to 
overflowing. A partition divides this floor, and one of 
the departments thus made is devoted entirely to the 
firm’s stock of pieced and stamped tin and agate ware. 
The sixth floor contains one of the best appointed tin 
shops that can be seen anywhere. It is amply lighted. 
The firm’s stock of hot water furnaces is on this floor. 
The entire building is lighted by combination fixtures of 
electricity and gas. Speaking tubes connect the office 
and salesroom with every floor, and nothing has been 
omitted which will contribute to the rapid handling of 
goods. In the rear of the building are one-story brick 
buildings built and constructed especially—one for iron 
and steel and the other for iron pipe and a shop for cutting 
and threading of same. A platform is built in front of 
these buildings fronting on the alley, and with plenty of 
room for the handling of goods for city delivery or coun¬ 
try shipments. The business of Holley, Mason, Marks & 
Co. now extends throughout eastern Washington, northern 
Idaho and the Kootenai district of British Columbia. 


52 


THE SPOKANE REVIEW. 

DAILY AND WEEKLY. 


T HE only metropolitan journal published in Eastern 
Washington, is typical of Western enterprise and 
progress. On May 15, 1883, the Review was established 
as a weekly by Mr. Frank M. Dallam. It was continued 
as such until June 16, 1884, when it branched into an 
afternoon daity. The following year it was changed 
from an afternoon to a morning paper. On July 1, 
1886, Mr. H. T. Brown purchased an interest, and later 
Mr. H. W. Greenberg was admitted to partnership; the 
Associated Press dispatches were secured, and the paper 
enlarged. In the summer of 1887, Messrs. Brown and 
Greenberg purchased the interest of Mr. Dallam, and on 
April 1, 1888, disposed of the entire plant, franchises, 
good will, etc., to Hon. P. H. Winston (present United 
States Attorney for Washington); Hon. Willis Sweet 
(present Representative in Congress from Idaho) and 
Messrs. Jas. Monahan and C. B. King, prominent citizens 
of Spokane, who formed a joint stock company. On 
October 1, 1888, the interests of Messrs. Sweet, Monahan 
and King were purchased by Messrs. Harvey W. Scott 
and Henry L. Pittock, both newspaper men oflong stand¬ 
ing- 

Mr. Winston continued in his capacity as editor of 
the Review until his extensive law practice compelled him 
to withdraw his connection with the paper, and on Decem¬ 
ber 3, 1888, his portion of the stock in the company was 
purchased by Hon. A. M. Cannon, one of the oldest and 
best known citizens of Spokane. The present owners saw 
the necessity of making a first-class newspaper at Spokane, 
and that this was the field for a journal of high political 
and social standing, such as the intelligent people of 
Spokane vicinity demand. 

On October 1, 1888, Mr. F. C. Goodin assumed the 


management of the Review. Over one-half of his life has 
been devoted to newspaper work, and the promotion of 
the Review to its present high standing is largely due to 
his untiring efforts. 

Upon the retirement of Colonel Winston as editor he 
was succeeded by the able writer and politician, Mr. J. 
M. Adams. Upon the resignation of Mr. Adams Mr. 
Nelson W. Durham was selected to fill the position. 
Mr. Durham is an old and experienced journalist. His 
connection with the press has been unbroken since he 
reached the age of fourteen years. He has served in 
nearly every capacity from the case to the editorial chair. 

Since the last change in the management, the prog¬ 
ress of the Review has been far more remarkable than at 
any time in its previous history. In place of eleven 
employes, as was the number October 1, 1888, eighty- 
three persons are now employed on the paper. On Juiy 
7, 1889 the old Drum Cylinder Hoe press, old type, etc., 
were discarded, and an improved Goss Perfecting press, 
with a capacity of 18,000 copies per hour, and all para¬ 
phernalia for issuing a first-class daily were added. 

Being crowded for room, the Review Publishing Com¬ 
pany decided to erect a building that would be commen¬ 
surate with the paper, and a land mark in the marvelous 
city of Spokane. This is situated on the corner of Mon¬ 
roe street and West Riverside avenue, a cut of which 
appears on the inside cover of this book. It is six stories 
high, built of pressed brick and terra cotta. From an 
architectural point of view, it is one of the finest structures 
in Spokane, and the handsomest newspaper building in 
the West. In conclusion, it would be well to say, the 
Review is considered the best paper in Washington and 
enjoys the largest circulation. 





























SPOKANE UNIVERSITY. 


T HIS institution will be ready this coming autumn to 
receive students. Its Board of Trustees consists of 
Rev. T. G. Watson, M. A., Dr. J. D. Maclean, H. N. Belt, 
Rev. Donald Ross, M. A., Hon. A. M. Cannon, Hon. J. J. 
Browne, W. H. Taylor, Geo. H. Leonard, Rev. T. M. 
Gunn, D. D., N. F. Holman, Dr. C. S. Penfield, J. W. Goss 
and L. B. Cornell. 

The officers are Rev. T. G. Watson, M. A., President; 
Dr. J. D. Maclean, Vice-President; Samuel Woods, M. A., 
Secretary and Financial Agent. The first building of the 
University will contain in the basement a large dining 
room 43x20, kitchen, bath rooms, furnace rooms, Matron’s 
rooms and servants’ apartments. The first floor contains 
four large lecture rooms, with Professors’ rooms attached, 
handsomely fitted up with open fireplaces. The flats 
above are large and roomy, affording accommodation for 
seventy students. The iibrary will be located on the 
second"floor. The style of architecture is modern colonial. 
The campus, upon which the buildings are being located, 
is on University Heights, to the west of the city, and con¬ 
sist of 36 acres of land. The buildings are to be con¬ 
structed on the bluff overhanging the Spokane River, and 
commanding a most beautiful view in every direction. 
Eastward lies the city, about 200 feet below and on both 


sides of the Spokane, and awav beyond, some twelve 
miles, an uninterrupted view of the river valley. South¬ 
ward the wooded valley of Latah, or Hangman’s creek, 
with the Palouse valley in the distance. To the east and 
north, the snow-clad summits of the Coeur D’Alene and 
Kootenai mountains, and to the west the wooded hills 
melting away in the dim perspective. 

The Board intends to make the institution first-class 
in all its appointments, and will aim at a very high stand¬ 
ard of excellence in all the departments of study. The 
course of study will be modeled on the plan of the East¬ 
ern Universities, and every effort will be put forth to 
secure the confidence and support of every lover of 
thorough education. While the institution will be Pres¬ 
byterian in its governing body, the teaching will be on 
the widest Christian basis, and entirely unsectarian. A 
Theological Faculty will be organized as soon as possible 
to answer one of the aims of the promoters, but for the 
present, purely educational work will engage the attention 
of the Board. Law and Medical schools will also be 
organized, or affiliated, and the interests of scientific 
learning will hold a foremost place in all the plans of the 
departments of study. 


55 



THE SPOKANE AUDITORIUM. 


P RE-EMINENT among the mammoth structures of the 
Pacific Northwest is the Spokane Auditorium. Not 
alone that it is of such mammoth proportions, its beauti¬ 
ful and costly interior decorations have placed it without 
a rival, and it takes rank as one of the finest opera houses 
in the United States. The best of talent, the most skill¬ 
ful mechanics, the latest mechanical appliances, and the 
most modern improvements were the basis upon which 
the owners built this magnificent structure, which is the 
pride of every Spokanite, the admiration of all visitors, 
and the wonder and adulation of all the theatrical pro¬ 
fession. 

The building was erected by the Hon. J. J. Browne 
and the Hon. A. M. Cannon, two of Spokane’s wealthiest 
and most enterprising citizens, whose judgment and fore¬ 
sight have won them respect and esteem. These gentle¬ 
men selected Mr. Harry C. Hay ward as manager of the 
Auditorium, and his popularity and familiarity with the 
theatrical profession have proved invaluable in making 
this beautiful theater one of the best known in the 
country. 

The total cost of the building was $400,000, and the 
theater is patterned after “ The Broadway” of New York. 

In the construction of the theater two principal 
ideas have been borne in mind, and all other considera¬ 


tions have been made subservient to these, namely, the 
safety and comfort of its patrons; and this has been 
accomplished without sacrifice of the artistic. From the 
orchestra and dress circles, with a combined seating 
capacity of 550, there are ten wide, independent exits; 
from the balcony, with a seating capacity of 375, there 
are nine one-flight exits; and from the upper gallery, 
eight two-flight exits, making, with the five from the 
stage, thirty-two avenues of egress from the house, which 
has a total seating capacity of 1,500. The house is further 
supplied with fire-plugs, six of which are upon the stage. 
It is cut off by solid fire-walls from the office portion of 
the building, and a fire-wall and asbestos curtain separate 
the stage from the auditorium. 

The stage is a gem in the way of completeness and 
ingenuity. It is 65 feet from wall to wall, and from foot¬ 
lights to rear wall it is 42 feet, while the height from 
stage door to rigging loft is 65 feet, and from stage door 
to roof is 74 feet. It is capable of handling and setting 
the largest-size scenery carried by any traveling company. 
It is supplied with two practical sectional bridges, extend¬ 
ing across the stage, which can be raised to any height 
wanted, for the purpose of building roads, mountain 
passes, bridges, etc. It is also supplied with all neces¬ 
sary traps. 


56 








































■ 



"HE MAIN FALLS OF THE RIVER AT SPOKANE. 










































